1 00:00:03,169 --> 00:00:01,429 name is kristin erickson and i'm a 2 00:00:06,079 --> 00:00:03,179 member of one of the organizing 3 00:00:08,810 --> 00:00:06,089 committees of this symposium it is my 4 00:00:12,230 --> 00:00:08,820 extreme privilege to introduce today's 5 00:00:14,990 --> 00:00:12,240 keynote luncheon speaker now the 6 00:00:18,140 --> 00:00:15,000 scientific community knows dr. James 7 00:00:21,580 --> 00:00:18,150 green in several ways as a renowned 8 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:21,590 solar physicist with over 150 9 00:00:29,689 --> 00:00:25,170 peer-reviewed papers as the director of 10 00:00:33,229 --> 00:00:29,699 NASA's planetary science and as such the 11 00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:33,239 chief Washington spear catcher we also 12 00:00:38,479 --> 00:00:36,180 know him as the visionary leader that 13 00:00:41,660 --> 00:00:38,489 successfully launched over 4 billion 14 00:00:44,750 --> 00:00:41,670 dollars of scientific missions last year 15 00:00:48,110 --> 00:00:44,760 alone one resulting in the successful 16 00:00:51,889 --> 00:00:48,120 Mars curiosity landing in August and 17 00:00:54,260 --> 00:00:51,899 another Jew know that thanks to Jim's 18 00:00:58,849 --> 00:00:54,270 foresight will be in orbit around 19 00:01:03,920 --> 00:00:58,859 Jupiter when Cassini is in a comparative 20 00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:03,930 orbit at Saturn what may not be known is 21 00:01:11,929 --> 00:01:07,040 that Jim is also quite the history buff 22 00:01:14,390 --> 00:01:11,939 he is a recognized expert in civil war 23 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:14,400 balloons and with this one hundred and 24 00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:16,530 fiftieth anniversary year of the Civil 25 00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:19,200 War he is in quite demand as a speaker 26 00:01:25,100 --> 00:01:22,799 in that arena so with this intersection 27 00:01:29,330 --> 00:01:25,110 of is the interest in science and 28 00:01:33,260 --> 00:01:29,340 history we are in for a real treat now 29 00:01:40,419 --> 00:01:33,270 to hear his unique perspectives is dr. 30 00:01:45,139 --> 00:01:42,830 well it's just wonderful to be here on 31 00:01:52,179 --> 00:01:45,149 the 50th anniversary of planetary 32 00:01:57,980 --> 00:01:55,639 Steven for help and pulling together 33 00:02:00,819 --> 00:01:57,990 some of the statistics and mission 34 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:00,829 information that i'll be showing today i 35 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:03,810 think it's well known but it's well 36 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:07,170 worth stating that nasa literally 37 00:02:14,930 --> 00:02:10,410 invented planetary science starting in 38 00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:14,940 1962 everything we knew about planetary 39 00:02:21,140 --> 00:02:17,880 science up until then we got the from 40 00:02:24,470 --> 00:02:21,150 the back of a telescope and even 41 00:02:28,100 --> 00:02:24,480 Percival Lowell got it wrong our ability 42 00:02:30,759 --> 00:02:28,110 to launch missions has provided us the 43 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:30,769 opportunity to get up close and personal 44 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:34,650 with many bodies in the solar system and 45 00:02:40,670 --> 00:02:37,890 of course there are many more that we're 46 00:02:45,009 --> 00:02:40,680 discovering and there are many that we'd 47 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:45,019 like to interrogate much more thoroughly 48 00:02:50,090 --> 00:02:48,090 because of the importance those bodies 49 00:02:55,670 --> 00:02:50,100 are in our understanding of the origin 50 00:02:57,020 --> 00:02:55,680 and evolution of the solar system what 51 00:03:01,160 --> 00:02:57,030 we've heard about today a little bit 52 00:03:04,099 --> 00:03:01,170 about the decay Dalls and here are three 53 00:03:06,170 --> 00:03:04,109 important NRC documents that i would 54 00:03:09,050 --> 00:03:06,180 consider are the planetary de Cadel's 55 00:03:12,319 --> 00:03:09,060 the last three planetary teakettles the 56 00:03:18,229 --> 00:03:12,329 only planetary de Cadel's and in fact 57 00:03:20,870 --> 00:03:18,239 the the very first one was done by joe 58 00:03:23,390 --> 00:03:20,880 burns and a collection of scientists 59 00:03:26,059 --> 00:03:23,400 talking about the important questions of 60 00:03:28,879 --> 00:03:26,069 our field and some of the approaches 61 00:03:32,180 --> 00:03:28,889 that might be taken but it doesn't talk 62 00:03:34,819 --> 00:03:32,190 about the missions that are needed you 63 00:03:36,890 --> 00:03:34,829 know in that integrated strategy there 64 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:36,900 there are the top things that we need to 65 00:03:43,190 --> 00:03:41,130 know but there's no costing of missions 66 00:03:44,990 --> 00:03:43,200 there's not this is the next one and has 67 00:03:47,300 --> 00:03:45,000 to go to Mars and it needs to land on 68 00:03:51,439 --> 00:03:47,310 the surface etc and from that 69 00:03:52,250 --> 00:03:51,449 perspective that particular document did 70 00:03:54,199 --> 00:03:52,260 not an a 71 00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:54,209 well I believe the planetary community 72 00:04:01,190 --> 00:03:56,370 to move significantly forward within the 73 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:01,200 political environment as we entered the 74 00:04:09,020 --> 00:04:05,730 early 2000s the next akaydoll chaired by 75 00:04:11,449 --> 00:04:09,030 mike pelton new frontiers and solar 76 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:11,459 system exploration really began to 77 00:04:19,340 --> 00:04:15,530 provide the framework that was necessary 78 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:19,350 to move planetary science forward on 79 00:04:25,129 --> 00:04:22,530 many fronts not only scientifically 80 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:25,139 because all the scientific top questions 81 00:04:32,020 --> 00:04:27,690 were in it just as the previous study 82 00:04:34,670 --> 00:04:32,030 report but also what we would call 83 00:04:38,529 --> 00:04:34,680 conceptual missions how they were going 84 00:04:43,210 --> 00:04:38,539 to be done now that particular report 85 00:04:47,900 --> 00:04:43,220 which went from two thousand three to 86 00:04:51,890 --> 00:04:47,910 twenty twelve was very valuable and 87 00:04:53,840 --> 00:04:51,900 enabled planetary science to be put on 88 00:04:56,029 --> 00:04:53,850 the map in many different ways and move 89 00:04:58,400 --> 00:04:56,039 significantly forward you could walk 90 00:05:01,640 --> 00:04:58,410 into congressional staffers office and 91 00:05:03,500 --> 00:05:01,650 see it on the shelf and they would pull 92 00:05:07,460 --> 00:05:03,510 it out and they would say what mission 93 00:05:11,390 --> 00:05:07,470 are you talking about so that framework 94 00:05:16,129 --> 00:05:11,400 the ability that the NRC has to be able 95 00:05:18,830 --> 00:05:16,139 to create a strategy and the overarching 96 00:05:21,230 --> 00:05:18,840 plan for planetary science that 97 00:05:23,510 --> 00:05:21,240 delineates missions of importance that 98 00:05:26,150 --> 00:05:23,520 does answer the important scientific 99 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:26,160 questions was a real winner for the 100 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:32,130 community now the last report the one 101 00:05:39,110 --> 00:05:35,610 that's been recently issued visions and 102 00:05:42,350 --> 00:05:39,120 voyages that was chaired by Steve 103 00:05:44,210 --> 00:05:42,360 Squyres and it had enormous number of 104 00:05:47,210 --> 00:05:44,220 people in the community participate in 105 00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:47,220 it we concentrated significantly in 106 00:05:52,460 --> 00:05:48,840 those missions and the mission 107 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:52,470 architectures we costed those out at a 108 00:05:58,250 --> 00:05:54,690 much higher fidelity than we'd ever done 109 00:06:00,469 --> 00:05:58,260 before to try to understand from a cost 110 00:06:04,070 --> 00:06:00,479 perspective how to be able to create a 111 00:06:05,690 --> 00:06:04,080 program that is responsive to the 112 00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:05,700 science questions 113 00:06:12,470 --> 00:06:08,580 and and yet affordable in the times that 114 00:06:15,890 --> 00:06:12,480 we felt the funding projections from the 115 00:06:19,940 --> 00:06:15,900 president were given to us in 2010 when 116 00:06:22,070 --> 00:06:19,950 when the report was really completed and 117 00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:22,080 in the analysis of missions moving 118 00:06:28,340 --> 00:06:26,310 forward the report also has a number of 119 00:06:31,250 --> 00:06:28,350 important aspects to it in the sense 120 00:06:34,460 --> 00:06:31,260 that it has what do you do when the 121 00:06:37,730 --> 00:06:34,470 budget isn't is rosy so are there are 122 00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:37,740 decision making rules so there's going 123 00:06:42,740 --> 00:06:40,560 to be a lot of discussion as the all the 124 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:42,750 decadal reports are discussed and how 125 00:06:47,030 --> 00:06:44,490 we're going to move forward in the next 126 00:06:49,070 --> 00:06:47,040 major sets of decay Dalls and whether 127 00:06:51,530 --> 00:06:49,080 these approaches will work for us and 128 00:06:55,430 --> 00:06:51,540 whether decision making rules need to be 129 00:06:58,030 --> 00:06:55,440 much more clearly delineated for us to 130 00:07:01,310 --> 00:06:58,040 be able to use within the next ten years 131 00:07:04,220 --> 00:07:01,320 but it's extremely important to note a 132 00:07:06,530 --> 00:07:04,230 couple things about this one the 133 00:07:09,170 --> 00:07:06,540 planetary community is behind visions 134 00:07:10,580 --> 00:07:09,180 and voyages as they were behind new 135 00:07:14,720 --> 00:07:10,590 frontiers in the solar system 136 00:07:16,910 --> 00:07:14,730 exploration report that allows them out 137 00:07:20,420 --> 00:07:16,920 of those four elements you know the 138 00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:20,430 science of the the administration you 139 00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:23,180 know the administrator of NASA and 140 00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:26,700 Congress it allows one of those legs of 141 00:07:32,080 --> 00:07:30,240 that of that stool to be solid we know 142 00:07:35,150 --> 00:07:32,090 what the plan is to move forward and 143 00:07:38,180 --> 00:07:35,160 that's the science community and that is 144 00:07:39,830 --> 00:07:38,190 really a quite critical and is the 145 00:07:45,050 --> 00:07:39,840 foundation of everything that moves 146 00:07:46,940 --> 00:07:45,060 forward now what's happened is this 147 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:46,950 particular de que tal vision on voyages 148 00:07:54,710 --> 00:07:51,570 actually starts in October all right 149 00:07:57,590 --> 00:07:54,720 it's got 10 years and even though our 150 00:08:00,380 --> 00:07:57,600 budget projection wasn't s plan when the 151 00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:00,390 report was near its finishing date we 152 00:08:05,420 --> 00:08:03,570 have 10 years to live this report and we 153 00:08:06,980 --> 00:08:05,430 have 10 years for the community to get 154 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:06,990 behind it because the science is 155 00:08:12,380 --> 00:08:09,510 incredibly exciting incredibly 156 00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:12,390 compelling and and our community is 157 00:08:19,550 --> 00:08:16,020 united as we move forward so that's an 158 00:08:22,370 --> 00:08:19,560 important important aspect I think 159 00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:22,380 to really delineate now what's happened 160 00:08:27,620 --> 00:08:24,270 in those 50 years is an incredible 161 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:27,630 revolution absolutely unbelievable as 162 00:08:32,870 --> 00:08:30,210 I've mentioned we've had the opportunity 163 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:32,880 to go places and to see things and to do 164 00:08:39,620 --> 00:08:36,810 the analysis and in fact which you may 165 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:39,630 not recognize may sound like a jumbled 166 00:08:42,529 --> 00:08:41,010 set of missions while are you going to 167 00:08:44,329 --> 00:08:42,539 land here are you flying by and or 168 00:08:46,460 --> 00:08:44,339 you're open what are you doing but in 169 00:08:50,329 --> 00:08:46,470 reality there's been a methodical 170 00:08:54,620 --> 00:08:50,339 approach and that methodical approach is 171 00:08:58,400 --> 00:08:54,630 fly by orbit land Rove and sample return 172 00:09:00,079 --> 00:08:58,410 and that particular approach even though 173 00:09:02,750 --> 00:09:00,089 we don't talk about it much in the 174 00:09:05,570 --> 00:09:02,760 science community is really quite 175 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:05,580 obvious when you stack up the missions 176 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:08,010 and you see what we've done and we know 177 00:09:15,740 --> 00:09:11,250 what the next major steps are each of 178 00:09:21,470 --> 00:09:15,750 these fly by to orbit orbit to land land 179 00:09:25,940 --> 00:09:21,480 to Rove are huge steps they are major 180 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:25,950 steps in science also in our ability to 181 00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:30,810 do the next element the next answer the 182 00:09:36,950 --> 00:09:33,510 next most important questions from the 183 00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:36,960 preceding set of missions and I hope to 184 00:09:41,690 --> 00:09:38,640 be able to illustrate that in many 185 00:09:44,690 --> 00:09:41,700 different ways now planetary science our 186 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:44,700 goal the stated here is advance our 187 00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:47,370 scientific knowledge of the origins and 188 00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:49,890 history of the solar system the 189 00:09:55,430 --> 00:09:52,130 potential for life elsewhere and the 190 00:09:59,600 --> 00:09:55,440 hazards and resources presence present 191 00:10:02,710 --> 00:09:59,610 as humans explore space and that's a 192 00:10:05,780 --> 00:10:02,720 theme that you'll see throughout this 193 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:05,790 visions and voyages de kadel as we move 194 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:11,610 forward now over the last a couple years 195 00:10:16,100 --> 00:10:13,650 and in fact we call this the year of the 196 00:10:19,670 --> 00:10:16,110 solar system it's a Mars year so it's 197 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:19,680 about 670 days we've really that's right 198 00:10:25,430 --> 00:10:22,410 it's a planetary planetary approach to 199 00:10:28,220 --> 00:10:25,440 things we've really accomplished an 200 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:28,230 enormous number of missions and mission 201 00:10:33,079 --> 00:10:31,890 objectives and from these missions the 202 00:10:35,329 --> 00:10:33,089 datas are the data 203 00:10:37,429 --> 00:10:35,339 starting to come into the archive and 204 00:10:39,799 --> 00:10:37,439 the scientists are beginning to reap 205 00:10:41,569 --> 00:10:39,809 those benefits now just as an 206 00:10:43,340 --> 00:10:41,579 illustration let me point out a couple 207 00:10:46,009 --> 00:10:43,350 of these things we've flown by two 208 00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:46,019 comets and we've learned an enormous 209 00:10:54,470 --> 00:10:49,980 amount surprises in each we've launched 210 00:11:01,040 --> 00:10:54,480 three missions juneau to Jupiter Grail 211 00:11:05,090 --> 00:11:01,050 to the moon and MSL to Mars we've also 212 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:05,100 inserted in orbit Grail to the moon both 213 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:09,410 Grail a and B named by kids ebb and flow 214 00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:13,170 we've inserted messenger into orbit 215 00:11:21,889 --> 00:11:18,120 around mercury and we've inserted dawn 216 00:11:26,389 --> 00:11:21,899 around festa the second largest asteroid 217 00:11:28,549 --> 00:11:26,399 in addition to that we've pulled Vesta 218 00:11:31,509 --> 00:11:28,559 we've pulled dawn out of orbit from 219 00:11:34,939 --> 00:11:31,519 Vesta and moved on to the next and 220 00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:34,949 largest object in in the asteroid belt 221 00:11:40,730 --> 00:11:38,670 series another really exciting body that 222 00:11:43,189 --> 00:11:40,740 will tell us a lot about the origin 223 00:11:46,999 --> 00:11:43,199 evolution of the solar system and we've 224 00:11:49,790 --> 00:11:47,009 landed MSL Curiosity rover safely on 225 00:11:52,309 --> 00:11:49,800 Mars this is just an enormous set of 226 00:11:56,509 --> 00:11:52,319 achievements absolutely enormous so we 227 00:12:01,939 --> 00:11:56,519 have quite a bit of success I think it's 228 00:12:04,340 --> 00:12:01,949 some a testimony to the the hard work 229 00:12:06,619 --> 00:12:04,350 that's gone on in all the center's that 230 00:12:08,869 --> 00:12:06,629 participate in these and throughout the 231 00:12:12,379 --> 00:12:08,879 scientific community to make these 232 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:12,389 missions and activities so vital and so 233 00:12:17,059 --> 00:12:14,490 successful and as I mentioned the 234 00:12:19,730 --> 00:12:17,069 science data will be flowing in into the 235 00:12:21,769 --> 00:12:19,740 archive on a continual basis and new and 236 00:12:27,319 --> 00:12:21,779 greater discoveries or going to continue 237 00:12:30,410 --> 00:12:27,329 from those now I'm going to show a 238 00:12:34,549 --> 00:12:30,420 number of charts like this on the 239 00:12:36,889 --> 00:12:34,559 horizontal axis we have the object you 240 00:12:42,429 --> 00:12:36,899 know in the inner solar system mercury 241 00:12:46,269 --> 00:12:42,439 venus our moon Mars Phobos and Deimos 242 00:12:50,199 --> 00:12:46,279 and on the vertical axis is the 243 00:12:53,350 --> 00:12:50,209 approach flyby orbit land Rove and 244 00:12:56,350 --> 00:12:53,360 sample return and what's listed here 245 00:12:58,720 --> 00:12:56,360 this is not meant to be an eye chart but 246 00:13:01,090 --> 00:12:58,730 it shows you I think the the missions 247 00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:01,100 from an international and a NASA 248 00:13:08,259 --> 00:13:04,720 perspective that have been launched to 249 00:13:11,559 --> 00:13:08,269 effectively to interrogate our solar 250 00:13:15,790 --> 00:13:11,569 system in this way now what's also shown 251 00:13:18,460 --> 00:13:15,800 in blue and highlighted are those 252 00:13:22,299 --> 00:13:18,470 elements are those missions from the 253 00:13:25,869 --> 00:13:22,309 visions and voyages de cadle which are 254 00:13:30,489 --> 00:13:25,879 the big steps for Venus it's a Venus and 255 00:13:33,299 --> 00:13:30,499 see to explore for our Moon it's getting 256 00:13:35,860 --> 00:13:33,309 back down to the surface through a 257 00:13:40,449 --> 00:13:35,870 sample return in the South Pole lake and 258 00:13:43,660 --> 00:13:40,459 basin or or a geophysical network up for 259 00:13:48,189 --> 00:13:43,670 Mars as you can see it's sample return 260 00:13:51,759 --> 00:13:48,199 we are there now we know now know enough 261 00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:51,769 about Mars to know where to go the kinds 262 00:13:57,759 --> 00:13:53,180 of things that we need to take with us 263 00:14:00,009 --> 00:13:57,769 to analyze what we find and make 264 00:14:02,049 --> 00:14:00,019 decisions are what samples we need to be 265 00:14:05,650 --> 00:14:02,059 better bring back for further analysis 266 00:14:07,929 --> 00:14:05,660 and we've recently selected insight 267 00:14:10,299 --> 00:14:07,939 which is a one-note geophysical network 268 00:14:14,319 --> 00:14:10,309 also well described in the planetary de 269 00:14:17,379 --> 00:14:14,329 kado as a discovery mission now for the 270 00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:17,389 moon as I mentioned both the the 271 00:14:22,990 --> 00:14:19,910 geophysical network and South Pole lake 272 00:14:25,210 --> 00:14:23,000 and basin are prominent in the planetary 273 00:14:27,999 --> 00:14:25,220 de kadel and of course for good reason 274 00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:28,009 these are big steps these are indeed the 275 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:30,050 next things we need to know about the 276 00:14:38,949 --> 00:14:35,290 moon and of course the moon has on it 277 00:14:41,199 --> 00:14:38,959 really the history of ours our inner 278 00:14:45,090 --> 00:14:41,209 bombardment of our solar system let's 279 00:14:48,249 --> 00:14:45,100 hit the moon its size and and it's a 280 00:14:50,769 --> 00:14:48,259 shape of course is probably also hit the 281 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:50,779 earth from the lunar rocks that we 282 00:14:55,929 --> 00:14:52,730 brought back from the samples that have 283 00:14:58,059 --> 00:14:55,939 been brought back from the Apollo's more 284 00:14:58,910 --> 00:14:58,069 than 800 pounds of rocks we are 285 00:15:01,519 --> 00:14:58,920 continuing 286 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:01,529 to do that analysis and we are finding 287 00:15:05,750 --> 00:15:03,810 now much more information about the 288 00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:05,760 origin and evolution of the moon and 289 00:15:12,050 --> 00:15:09,510 we're also realizing that in addition to 290 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:12,060 the initial creation of the Earth Moon 291 00:15:16,879 --> 00:15:14,610 which we believe occurred from a 292 00:15:19,460 --> 00:15:16,889 collision of a mars-sized body with the 293 00:15:21,230 --> 00:15:19,470 earth and and the Rhea chrétien then of 294 00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:21,240 two bodies we call the earth and the 295 00:15:28,370 --> 00:15:23,760 moon at about four and a half billion 296 00:15:31,490 --> 00:15:28,380 years ago we also recognize that about 297 00:15:33,470 --> 00:15:31,500 half a billion years later a major 298 00:15:36,170 --> 00:15:33,480 bombardment occurred in the inner part 299 00:15:40,519 --> 00:15:36,180 of the solar system with asteroids 300 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:40,529 comets and and perhaps even Kuiper belt 301 00:15:45,319 --> 00:15:42,690 objects bringing a significant amount of 302 00:15:48,439 --> 00:15:45,329 water with it at a time when the earth 303 00:15:51,319 --> 00:15:48,449 had cooled and was ready based on its 304 00:15:53,889 --> 00:15:51,329 gravitational structure to be able to 305 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:53,899 maintain and hold this water and 306 00:15:59,030 --> 00:15:56,250 creating the water planet that we know 307 00:16:00,889 --> 00:15:59,040 so perhaps anywhere from forty to sixty 308 00:16:03,620 --> 00:16:00,899 percent of the water that's in our 309 00:16:06,170 --> 00:16:03,630 oceans has come to us through this type 310 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:06,180 of bombardment and these are the things 311 00:16:10,569 --> 00:16:07,890 that we are learning and these are the 312 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:10,579 the understanding that we are obtaining 313 00:16:15,350 --> 00:16:13,410 through the analysis of samples and 314 00:16:17,900 --> 00:16:15,360 through the analysis of other elements 315 00:16:23,509 --> 00:16:17,910 and other missions that are giving us 316 00:16:25,340 --> 00:16:23,519 this important perspective we're through 317 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:25,350 the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter making 318 00:16:30,530 --> 00:16:28,410 detailed observations of the moon they 319 00:16:33,769 --> 00:16:30,540 could easily see these two tables from 320 00:16:36,920 --> 00:16:33,779 orbit and these detailed observations 321 00:16:40,370 --> 00:16:36,930 are incredibly important when we combine 322 00:16:46,329 --> 00:16:40,380 them in other ways this is an altitude 323 00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:46,339 map of the Moon that allow us to again 324 00:16:51,380 --> 00:16:48,959 effectively do the next two new 325 00:16:54,079 --> 00:16:51,390 frontiers missions and that would be 326 00:16:57,860 --> 00:16:54,089 South Pole aiken basin sample return and 327 00:16:59,840 --> 00:16:57,870 a geophysical network Lander in fact 328 00:17:03,139 --> 00:16:59,850 what you see on the near side of the 329 00:17:05,689 --> 00:17:03,149 moon as compared to the far side is a 330 00:17:09,130 --> 00:17:05,699 very different structure the moiré on 331 00:17:12,079 --> 00:17:09,140 the near side of the Moon are a basaltic 332 00:17:12,860 --> 00:17:12,089 volcanic if you will on the far side of 333 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:12,870 the Moon 334 00:17:16,819 --> 00:17:14,850 much different structure in fact the 335 00:17:18,860 --> 00:17:16,829 blue area which indicates the lower 336 00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:18,870 latitude on the backside of the moon is 337 00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:22,410 called the South Pole Aiken basin it's a 338 00:17:29,330 --> 00:17:26,850 huge impact region and between the depth 339 00:17:31,610 --> 00:17:29,340 of that basin and the white area which 340 00:17:34,549 --> 00:17:31,620 is the highest altitude also on the 341 00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:34,559 backside of the moon is more than 19 342 00:17:40,070 --> 00:17:36,870 kilometers and that's a distance that's 343 00:17:42,890 --> 00:17:40,080 larger than the top of Mount Everest and 344 00:17:45,799 --> 00:17:42,900 the bottom of the Marianas Trench so 345 00:17:48,710 --> 00:17:45,809 it's a huge distance and in fact in the 346 00:17:51,620 --> 00:17:48,720 South Pole Aiken basin we believe is the 347 00:17:54,169 --> 00:17:51,630 lower crust perhaps material from the 348 00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:54,179 lower mantle and I'll tell us a lot 349 00:17:59,110 --> 00:17:56,400 about how this body was put together and 350 00:18:02,360 --> 00:17:59,120 that's an important element of that of 351 00:18:06,169 --> 00:18:02,370 planetary structure we can't even get to 352 00:18:08,690 --> 00:18:06,179 the mantle of our earth and yet elements 353 00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:08,700 of understanding how that how that body 354 00:18:14,690 --> 00:18:10,320 was put together is laying on the 355 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:14,700 backside of the moon we also allow with 356 00:18:19,070 --> 00:18:16,890 the Grail mission have taken a good look 357 00:18:21,410 --> 00:18:19,080 at the gravity of the moon our two 358 00:18:24,290 --> 00:18:21,420 spacecraft as they pass over and are 359 00:18:27,290 --> 00:18:24,300 affected by gravity and changed the 360 00:18:29,900 --> 00:18:27,300 distance between them an able the 361 00:18:32,030 --> 00:18:29,910 scientists to back out the gravitational 362 00:18:34,970 --> 00:18:32,040 structure of the moon not only in its 363 00:18:36,830 --> 00:18:34,980 crust as shown here in fact the best 364 00:18:39,140 --> 00:18:36,840 estimate we had of the lunar gravity 365 00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:39,150 came from lunar prospector it's shown on 366 00:18:44,830 --> 00:18:42,510 the top panel Grail after one month's 367 00:18:48,340 --> 00:18:44,840 worth of data in right now it's um it's 368 00:18:51,860 --> 00:18:48,350 on its sixth and seventh month of 369 00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:51,870 observations gives us the kind of detail 370 00:18:57,950 --> 00:18:54,510 and resolution that we need that when we 371 00:19:00,680 --> 00:18:57,960 combine the LRO data allows us to do 372 00:19:03,820 --> 00:19:00,690 precision landing allows us to put 373 00:19:07,310 --> 00:19:03,830 something down on the ground on the moon 374 00:19:09,890 --> 00:19:07,320 within the distance of this room so 375 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:09,900 really tremendous results now from our 376 00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:11,490 missions are coming into the archive 377 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:16,980 that indeed enable us to build more 378 00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:19,770 exciting missions into the future that 379 00:19:26,749 --> 00:19:23,280 are of decayed all importance as we look 380 00:19:28,999 --> 00:19:26,759 back and at Mars missions we see we've 381 00:19:31,999 --> 00:19:29,009 flown by weave or but we've landed and 382 00:19:36,319 --> 00:19:32,009 we've had Rovers and indeed the next big 383 00:19:38,389 --> 00:19:36,329 step is sample return our knowledge of 384 00:19:41,839 --> 00:19:38,399 Mars is increased significantly we have 385 00:19:45,199 --> 00:19:41,849 a whole session about Mars and of course 386 00:19:47,569 --> 00:19:45,209 our perception of Mars has changed from 387 00:19:50,629 --> 00:19:47,579 telescopes Percival Lowell thought that 388 00:19:53,419 --> 00:19:50,639 there perhaps was a a civilization in 389 00:19:57,289 --> 00:19:53,429 crisis based on the fact that he 390 00:20:00,229 --> 00:19:57,299 interpreted features that look to him 391 00:20:02,899 --> 00:20:00,239 like canal canals transport of water 392 00:20:05,169 --> 00:20:02,909 throughout throughout various regions on 393 00:20:08,359 --> 00:20:05,179 Mars that turns out not to be the case 394 00:20:10,759 --> 00:20:08,369 we were perhaps even more disappointed 395 00:20:13,219 --> 00:20:10,769 in the earlier flybys which made the 396 00:20:16,039 --> 00:20:13,229 moon look much more a lot made Mars look 397 00:20:19,129 --> 00:20:16,049 much more like the moon than what we 398 00:20:21,199 --> 00:20:19,139 know about it today well we've put 399 00:20:25,519 --> 00:20:21,209 together a program that follows the 400 00:20:29,389 --> 00:20:25,529 water looking for signs of water on Mars 401 00:20:32,599 --> 00:20:29,399 and we recognize that those structures 402 00:20:36,019 --> 00:20:32,609 are everywhere on Mars if we only had 403 00:20:37,939 --> 00:20:36,029 the resolution which we do now to see so 404 00:20:40,089 --> 00:20:37,949 there are many observations now that 405 00:20:43,430 --> 00:20:40,099 we've been making over the last 10 years 406 00:20:47,329 --> 00:20:43,440 well rooted at our last planetary decato 407 00:20:50,569 --> 00:20:47,339 that's providing us now the information 408 00:20:54,109 --> 00:20:50,579 we need to be able to go back to Mars go 409 00:20:58,129 --> 00:20:54,119 to the right places and bring back 410 00:21:03,499 --> 00:20:58,139 samples and in fact what's even more 411 00:21:07,099 --> 00:21:03,509 exciting even though a liquid water as 412 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:07,109 we know it should not be able to exist 413 00:21:12,139 --> 00:21:09,690 on the surface of Mars because the 414 00:21:14,899 --> 00:21:12,149 pressure is not such that it that it can 415 00:21:18,019 --> 00:21:14,909 stay a liquid evaporates quite quickly 416 00:21:21,499 --> 00:21:18,029 and in this particular example as you 417 00:21:23,869 --> 00:21:21,509 see a number of observations seasonal 418 00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:23,879 observations over about a year of a 419 00:21:29,599 --> 00:21:25,679 particular region on Mars and there are 420 00:21:32,599 --> 00:21:29,609 many like this now any us in a sloping 421 00:21:34,819 --> 00:21:32,609 area but crater on Mars we see these 422 00:21:37,489 --> 00:21:34,829 Lynn asians we call them that but in 423 00:21:41,060 --> 00:21:37,499 reality we now believe that these are in 424 00:21:43,509 --> 00:21:41,070 the summer of where water 425 00:21:47,210 --> 00:21:43,519 tiny water can exist at this pressure 426 00:21:50,629 --> 00:21:47,220 flowing down indeed the size of these 427 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:50,639 craters so where has the water gone on 428 00:21:57,259 --> 00:21:54,690 Mars it's gone underground and as we now 429 00:21:59,899 --> 00:21:57,269 know more about how the the water cycle 430 00:22:03,710 --> 00:21:59,909 and hydrological cycle on Mars could 431 00:22:05,930 --> 00:22:03,720 have existed it also has evaporated and 432 00:22:08,720 --> 00:22:05,940 then stripped by the solar wind because 433 00:22:12,710 --> 00:22:08,730 Mars is magnetic field had left the 434 00:22:14,810 --> 00:22:12,720 planet many billions of years ago so in 435 00:22:17,210 --> 00:22:14,820 understanding a number of these physical 436 00:22:19,220 --> 00:22:17,220 processes at these planets we also now 437 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:19,230 understand a lot more about our earth 438 00:22:25,580 --> 00:22:21,690 and the importance of our own magnetic 439 00:22:31,220 --> 00:22:25,590 field and the importance of how climate 440 00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:31,230 changes on our earth also over the last 441 00:22:35,740 --> 00:22:33,120 10 years even our ground-based 442 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:35,750 telescopes have made productive 443 00:22:43,369 --> 00:22:39,450 observations what you see on the left 444 00:22:45,980 --> 00:22:43,379 panel is Mars but it's it is color coded 445 00:22:49,159 --> 00:22:45,990 red being the highest intensity blue 446 00:22:52,850 --> 00:22:49,169 being the lowest intensity of a trace 447 00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:52,860 gas called methane and these methane 448 00:22:56,930 --> 00:22:54,750 observations have been observed they are 449 00:22:58,460 --> 00:22:56,940 very controversial because they are from 450 00:23:01,730 --> 00:22:58,470 Earth and we have to look through 451 00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:01,740 methane to see methane on Mars so it's 452 00:23:06,799 --> 00:23:04,740 very difficult to separate but they've 453 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:06,809 been done very methodically and I 454 00:23:11,960 --> 00:23:08,970 believe very carefully over the last 10 455 00:23:14,710 --> 00:23:11,970 years and they show that Mars goes 456 00:23:19,450 --> 00:23:14,720 through methane emission cycles and that 457 00:23:23,149 --> 00:23:19,460 cycle is periodic with the most intense 458 00:23:27,460 --> 00:23:23,159 methane emissions occurring during the 459 00:23:30,230 --> 00:23:27,470 summer so those variations are seasonal 460 00:23:34,389 --> 00:23:30,240 the explanation of methane of course 461 00:23:38,090 --> 00:23:34,399 there are a couple one it could be 462 00:23:40,669 --> 00:23:38,100 biological is are these microbes that 463 00:23:43,970 --> 00:23:40,679 are indeed generating methane or it 464 00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:43,980 could be a biotic it could be regions of 465 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:46,110 minerals and magma with water 466 00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:48,330 underground water and we certainly see 467 00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:50,730 from from these leaking of the aquifers 468 00:23:57,810 --> 00:23:53,720 of the major amount of water 469 00:23:59,650 --> 00:23:57,820 in Mars's crust perhaps that's 470 00:24:01,920 --> 00:23:59,660 generating the methane and that 471 00:24:04,380 --> 00:24:01,930 certainly could be the case too I 472 00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:04,390 believe we're on the edge of 473 00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:06,410 understanding the methane emission 474 00:24:12,070 --> 00:24:08,960 because Curiosity rover which is also 475 00:24:14,350 --> 00:24:12,080 now on the surface of Mars has the 476 00:24:17,620 --> 00:24:14,360 ability to make these trace gas 477 00:24:19,860 --> 00:24:17,630 measurements and more importantly also 478 00:24:22,270 --> 00:24:19,870 observe their isotopes and there's a 479 00:24:24,930 --> 00:24:22,280 biological sorting that goes on in these 480 00:24:28,930 --> 00:24:24,940 isotopes and that gives us an indication 481 00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:28,940 more so than ever before of the reality 482 00:24:36,220 --> 00:24:31,360 of where the methane is being generated 483 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:36,230 and how that might be related to either 484 00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:39,170 geological activity or biological 485 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:41,060 activity so we'll see I think major 486 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:43,970 steps in that direction as curiosity 487 00:24:49,450 --> 00:24:46,730 continues throughout the spring and 488 00:24:53,340 --> 00:24:49,460 summer and winter season of observations 489 00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:53,350 so truly truly exciting and once again 490 00:25:01,600 --> 00:24:56,510 tugging on our interest of is there life 491 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:01,610 beyond Earth curiosity's landing of 492 00:25:09,250 --> 00:25:05,690 course was absolutely a spectacular the 493 00:25:12,730 --> 00:25:09,260 response from this nation and many many 494 00:25:16,210 --> 00:25:12,740 other nations was really quite 495 00:25:20,050 --> 00:25:16,220 gratifying there are countries in this 496 00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:20,060 world that dream about the stuff that 497 00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:25,580 NASA does NASA has such a branding if 498 00:25:30,670 --> 00:25:27,470 you will when you go to other nations 499 00:25:33,370 --> 00:25:30,680 and talk to people in the street in and 500 00:25:37,420 --> 00:25:33,380 the public the admiration is 501 00:25:40,950 --> 00:25:37,430 unbelievable it's there's no politics in 502 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:40,960 it it's all purely science fascination 503 00:25:47,380 --> 00:25:44,330 inspiration and interest and it's 504 00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:47,390 because we do some of these things that 505 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:51,020 are absolutely astounding because we 506 00:25:55,540 --> 00:25:52,610 need to make progress in the science 507 00:26:00,010 --> 00:25:55,550 questions that we want to answer so 508 00:26:03,130 --> 00:26:00,020 engineering feats enable our science in 509 00:26:05,950 --> 00:26:03,140 many many ways and curiosity is a 510 00:26:07,539 --> 00:26:05,960 perfect example of that the engineering 511 00:26:10,330 --> 00:26:07,549 feat provides us an 512 00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:10,340 entree into the public to discuss the 513 00:26:16,029 --> 00:26:12,980 science that we are doing and the and 514 00:26:18,399 --> 00:26:16,039 share in the excitement with what we are 515 00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:18,409 finding out about each and every one of 516 00:26:25,479 --> 00:26:20,480 these bodies and how they relate of 517 00:26:29,409 --> 00:26:25,489 course to our life on this planet as we 518 00:26:31,629 --> 00:26:29,419 look into the outer solar system we see 519 00:26:33,999 --> 00:26:31,639 Jupiter Saturn a number of their 520 00:26:36,210 --> 00:26:34,009 important moons and small bodies and 521 00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:36,220 comets and asteroids and once again 522 00:26:43,749 --> 00:26:39,710 we've we've discovered many many things 523 00:26:46,149 --> 00:26:43,759 primarily from flybys but in the decayed 524 00:26:48,249 --> 00:26:46,159 ille the vision and voyages there are a 525 00:26:52,029 --> 00:26:48,259 number of important missions in terms of 526 00:26:55,590 --> 00:26:52,039 now the next step orbiters we want to be 527 00:26:58,690 --> 00:26:55,600 able to orbit some of these objects like 528 00:27:02,889 --> 00:26:58,700 Europa we want to be able to orbit 529 00:27:06,999 --> 00:27:02,899 Enceladus we want to be able to set down 530 00:27:09,609 --> 00:27:07,009 of various things on tightening and also 531 00:27:13,299 --> 00:27:09,619 interrogate its atmosphere and in fact 532 00:27:16,109 --> 00:27:13,309 if we take tighten as an example we had 533 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:16,119 an opportunity to break the paradigm of 534 00:27:23,349 --> 00:27:19,210 flyby orbit land Rove in a methodical 535 00:27:26,379 --> 00:27:23,359 fashion with Cassini and Huygens with 536 00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:26,389 Cassini as we flew by Titan we dropped 537 00:27:31,749 --> 00:27:29,210 off the Huygens probe which actually got 538 00:27:35,109 --> 00:27:31,759 down to the ground and landed and made 539 00:27:37,060 --> 00:27:35,119 measurements on the surface not knowing 540 00:27:39,129 --> 00:27:37,070 exactly where it would end up not 541 00:27:41,619 --> 00:27:39,139 knowing if it would end up on a hill or 542 00:27:43,919 --> 00:27:41,629 a methane Lake I believe there was lakes 543 00:27:47,169 --> 00:27:43,929 of methane there and of course there are 544 00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:47,179 but not at that location and we did not 545 00:27:52,090 --> 00:27:50,090 know if Huygens was going to survive it 546 00:27:53,739 --> 00:27:52,100 had Atmos primarily atmospheric 547 00:27:56,049 --> 00:27:53,749 measurements to make so that we could 548 00:27:59,619 --> 00:27:56,059 actually get a good idea from a remote 549 00:28:02,379 --> 00:27:59,629 sensing aspect but indeed it landed and 550 00:28:04,479 --> 00:28:02,389 survived for period of time that was 551 00:28:06,970 --> 00:28:04,489 really quite exciting and very important 552 00:28:10,659 --> 00:28:06,980 and enabled us now to think of new 553 00:28:13,090 --> 00:28:10,669 things that we could do at Titan in that 554 00:28:15,999 --> 00:28:13,100 we want to do and we see that in some of 555 00:28:21,130 --> 00:28:16,009 our proposed proposals that come in and 556 00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:21,140 our discovery calls and once again those 557 00:28:25,330 --> 00:28:22,730 elements that are in blue or those 558 00:28:29,610 --> 00:28:25,340 things that are that are in the visions 559 00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:29,620 and voyages document our next big steps 560 00:28:34,810 --> 00:28:32,570 and the juice mission that's an ISA 561 00:28:38,170 --> 00:28:34,820 mission is also shown there it's going 562 00:28:40,660 --> 00:28:38,180 to end up orbiting gani made nganimate 563 00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:40,670 is our largest moon in our solar system 564 00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:44,510 generates its own magnetic field it's a 565 00:28:52,390 --> 00:28:49,130 ice world it's a much more like we'd say 566 00:28:55,530 --> 00:28:52,400 Callisto and Europa then then I oh for 567 00:28:59,080 --> 00:28:55,540 sure and so it is a fascinating object 568 00:29:02,560 --> 00:28:59,090 flybys by juice of Europa are also 569 00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:02,570 planned and should be quite exciting and 570 00:29:07,750 --> 00:29:05,390 I'm delighted to say NASA is a part of 571 00:29:13,090 --> 00:29:07,760 that of the juice mission which is the 572 00:29:17,670 --> 00:29:13,100 jupiter icy moon Explorer mission in the 573 00:29:20,770 --> 00:29:17,680 area of comets the decadal delineates a 574 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:20,780 sample return as important elements and 575 00:29:25,330 --> 00:29:23,330 we have Don sample return already with 576 00:29:27,310 --> 00:29:25,340 the Stardust mission one of those things 577 00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:27,320 that we were able to leap frog in this 578 00:29:34,570 --> 00:29:30,410 paradigm and be able to do by flying 579 00:29:37,090 --> 00:29:34,580 through the coma and bringing back 580 00:29:40,330 --> 00:29:37,100 material that have been analyzed and and 581 00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:40,340 now we see another fabulous opportunity 582 00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:45,800 a huge comet called ice on its 583 00:29:54,880 --> 00:29:50,480 perihelion is next year in and around 584 00:29:57,370 --> 00:29:54,890 thanksgiving and the prediction based on 585 00:30:01,960 --> 00:29:57,380 the fact of how bright it is right now 586 00:30:03,670 --> 00:30:01,970 at six astronomical units away it's even 587 00:30:06,790 --> 00:30:03,680 further than the planet jupiter it's 588 00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:06,800 already at 18th magnitude and how close 589 00:30:13,990 --> 00:30:10,240 it gets to the sun which is only 14 590 00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:14,000 million kilometers very close to the sun 591 00:30:20,830 --> 00:30:17,510 that this comet will have a huge tail 592 00:30:23,950 --> 00:30:20,840 many tens of degrees and may actually be 593 00:30:27,010 --> 00:30:23,960 observable during the day that will 594 00:30:30,250 --> 00:30:27,020 capture the that will capture attention 595 00:30:33,190 --> 00:30:30,260 across the world and we're marshaling 596 00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:33,200 resources to take a look now existing 597 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:34,970 assets that we might be able to 598 00:30:40,450 --> 00:30:37,250 make great measurements and that 599 00:30:45,039 --> 00:30:40,460 includes investigating some potential 600 00:30:48,310 --> 00:30:45,049 balloon observations also near and dear 601 00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:48,320 to my heart is Kristen mention where 602 00:30:52,779 --> 00:30:50,450 we'll go up and hopefully have 603 00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:52,789 instruments available to take a look at 604 00:30:58,240 --> 00:30:56,210 these at ison along with other objects 605 00:31:01,570 --> 00:30:58,250 in the solar system in new and unique 606 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:01,580 ways in a Quick Reaction capability much 607 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:04,130 quicker cadence than building a mission 608 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:07,730 that takes many many years to do here's 609 00:31:12,549 --> 00:31:09,530 our collection of comets that the 610 00:31:16,090 --> 00:31:12,559 international community NASA and ISA and 611 00:31:19,659 --> 00:31:16,100 and the in Russia have and also jaksa 612 00:31:21,430 --> 00:31:19,669 have observed and you can see their 613 00:31:25,450 --> 00:31:21,440 structures quite different these are 614 00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:25,460 typically small bodies 10 or so 615 00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:28,640 kilometers or less in their in their 616 00:31:35,740 --> 00:31:32,210 largest dimension and we flown by most 617 00:31:38,140 --> 00:31:35,750 recently going back to Temple one after 618 00:31:40,299 --> 00:31:38,150 we had an impactor to see the results of 619 00:31:43,029 --> 00:31:40,309 that impact we've done that and that 620 00:31:46,510 --> 00:31:43,039 data is being analyzed the new comet 621 00:31:50,260 --> 00:31:46,520 that we observed over this last year was 622 00:31:54,070 --> 00:31:50,270 Hartley 2 and Hartley 2 was tremendously 623 00:31:57,610 --> 00:31:54,080 exciting we've also from Stardust now 624 00:32:00,399 --> 00:31:57,620 examined material in detail because we 625 00:32:03,220 --> 00:32:00,409 have those samples in our lab and now 626 00:32:05,279 --> 00:32:03,230 it's clear that amino acids and 627 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:05,289 particularly glycine has been discovered 628 00:32:13,419 --> 00:32:09,770 from those materials returned from will 629 00:32:15,580 --> 00:32:13,429 too from the Stardust mission so these 630 00:32:18,570 --> 00:32:15,590 are incredibly exciting missions and 631 00:32:21,730 --> 00:32:18,580 they're really telling us a lot about 632 00:32:26,169 --> 00:32:21,740 how potential water came to this planet 633 00:32:30,279 --> 00:32:26,179 and the potential building blocks of 634 00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:30,289 life more complex biomolecules coming 635 00:32:35,260 --> 00:32:32,600 from comets and other elements of the 636 00:32:37,510 --> 00:32:35,270 solar system asteroids and as they have 637 00:32:41,039 --> 00:32:37,520 bombarded the earth over time and that 638 00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:41,049 has occurred throughout our solar system 639 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:43,610 so it gives us the impression that the 640 00:32:48,880 --> 00:32:46,690 conditions of life may be ubiquitous 641 00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:48,890 given the opportunity 642 00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:51,110 an environment an envelope of an 643 00:32:56,350 --> 00:32:53,810 environment to survive and over the last 644 00:32:58,840 --> 00:32:56,360 15 years or so we've invested in the 645 00:33:02,170 --> 00:32:58,850 astrobiology elements bringing people 646 00:33:04,420 --> 00:33:02,180 from planetary science and in biology 647 00:33:07,390 --> 00:33:04,430 together to really tackle some of these 648 00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:07,400 these tough ideas of how life could have 649 00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:09,890 been created and look for life here on 650 00:33:15,130 --> 00:33:11,840 earth in the extremes and we're making 651 00:33:17,950 --> 00:33:15,140 major progress in that area I want to go 652 00:33:21,460 --> 00:33:17,960 back to Hartley 2 this is our most 653 00:33:23,680 --> 00:33:21,470 recent common observations when the 654 00:33:27,660 --> 00:33:23,690 comet scientists saw this particular 655 00:33:31,650 --> 00:33:27,670 image they were absolutely dumbfounded 656 00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:31,660 comets which have a lot of all tools 657 00:33:38,740 --> 00:33:35,210 water in particular and in ammonia and 658 00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:38,750 other elements that once the heat can 659 00:33:45,580 --> 00:33:41,570 sublimate quickly in other words go from 660 00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:45,590 solid into vapor do so on the sunlit 661 00:33:51,940 --> 00:33:49,250 side of the comet and when we look at 662 00:33:55,740 --> 00:33:51,950 this particular comet we see jets of gas 663 00:34:00,190 --> 00:33:55,750 coming from the dark side of this comet 664 00:34:05,130 --> 00:34:00,200 coming from regions that are not in the 665 00:34:08,350 --> 00:34:05,140 sunlight but must somehow be warmed 666 00:34:11,260 --> 00:34:08,360 within that comet that then breaks out 667 00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:11,270 and pushes material outward and in fact 668 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:13,490 here's a here's a high resolution blow 669 00:34:19,690 --> 00:34:16,610 up there are several frames here that 670 00:34:21,580 --> 00:34:19,700 show you what's happening coming at a 671 00:34:24,639 --> 00:34:21,590 little distance away from the particular 672 00:34:28,210 --> 00:34:24,649 comment and when we analyze this this is 673 00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:28,220 not a star field background the speckles 674 00:34:34,240 --> 00:34:30,980 that are in this image are cometary 675 00:34:37,870 --> 00:34:34,250 material things the size of golf balls 676 00:34:40,770 --> 00:34:37,880 to perhaps as big as volleyballs we're 677 00:34:44,110 --> 00:34:40,780 watching the end state of a comet 678 00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:44,120 completely dissipate within the solar 679 00:34:50,050 --> 00:34:48,050 system it is flying apart this comet has 680 00:34:51,610 --> 00:34:50,060 a period of about six years and many of 681 00:34:54,250 --> 00:34:51,620 the comet scientists say it will 682 00:34:57,160 --> 00:34:54,260 probably not last more than a hundred 683 00:34:59,290 --> 00:34:57,170 but all its material will be scattered 684 00:35:01,840 --> 00:34:59,300 through the solar system and in some 685 00:35:02,410 --> 00:35:01,850 cases we actually orbit through older 686 00:35:05,140 --> 00:35:02,420 paths 687 00:35:07,089 --> 00:35:05,150 of comets and material also comes to the 688 00:35:09,309 --> 00:35:07,099 earth and we still see the excitement of 689 00:35:11,559 --> 00:35:09,319 being able to go out in the field and 690 00:35:12,789 --> 00:35:11,569 bring back some pristine material even 691 00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:12,799 though it's passed through our 692 00:35:18,190 --> 00:35:15,530 atmosphere in the near-earth objects 693 00:35:20,260 --> 00:35:18,200 we're learning a lot more about how 694 00:35:24,370 --> 00:35:20,270 these are fundamental pieces of our 695 00:35:27,579 --> 00:35:24,380 solar system here is observations of an 696 00:35:29,740 --> 00:35:27,589 asteroid called it ikawa and when you 697 00:35:32,589 --> 00:35:29,750 look at that this is not a cratered 698 00:35:36,490 --> 00:35:32,599 filled body this is a body that has 699 00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:36,500 accreted material and in and it's 700 00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:38,510 produced enormous amount of excitement 701 00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:41,290 about these loosely packed 702 00:35:47,650 --> 00:35:45,200 gravitationally centres of material that 703 00:35:50,980 --> 00:35:47,660 come together that form these objects as 704 00:35:53,410 --> 00:35:50,990 part of a building block to even larger 705 00:35:56,020 --> 00:35:53,420 ones and of course well we're quite 706 00:35:59,020 --> 00:35:56,030 interested now in building that next new 707 00:36:00,730 --> 00:35:59,030 frontiers mission osiris-rex that's on 708 00:36:03,370 --> 00:36:00,740 the books and it's moving it's moving 709 00:36:06,670 --> 00:36:03,380 quite nicely forward to bring back 710 00:36:09,660 --> 00:36:06,680 samples from also an important common a 711 00:36:12,730 --> 00:36:09,670 c-type sorry asteroid a c-type asteroid 712 00:36:16,839 --> 00:36:12,740 here are the asteroids that our 713 00:36:20,620 --> 00:36:16,849 spacefaring Nations NASA ISA jaksa and 714 00:36:22,450 --> 00:36:20,630 Russia have observed and visited some on 715 00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:22,460 the way to the outer planets some 716 00:36:28,170 --> 00:36:25,490 intentionally targeted and what's 717 00:36:31,390 --> 00:36:28,180 circled off to the side is the comet 718 00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:31,400 Hartley 2 so you can see the size of 719 00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:35,510 these are very different but as we see 720 00:36:41,289 --> 00:36:39,140 comments now we may see larger ones from 721 00:36:43,480 --> 00:36:41,299 out in the Kuiper belt eventually come 722 00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:43,490 towards us we're quite excited to 723 00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:46,640 understand how large comet Ison is and 724 00:36:51,750 --> 00:36:48,890 it may be one of the largest comments 725 00:36:54,870 --> 00:36:51,760 that we've ever seen and consequently 726 00:36:59,170 --> 00:36:54,880 one of the more exciting objects and 727 00:37:01,089 --> 00:36:59,180 something of a lifetime to observe now I 728 00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:01,099 did want to point out one thing the 729 00:37:10,510 --> 00:37:06,710 largest body on this in this set is the 730 00:37:14,349 --> 00:37:10,520 asteroid lutetia was observed by Rosetta 731 00:37:15,940 --> 00:37:14,359 and in this particular of comparison 732 00:37:18,730 --> 00:37:15,950 Leticia is the one on 733 00:37:22,060 --> 00:37:18,740 far-left it's very small compared to 734 00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:22,070 Vesta and Ceres which are also asteroids 735 00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:24,800 and then of course in size Pluto and the 736 00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:27,710 moon so it gives you a feel for for the 737 00:37:31,720 --> 00:37:30,050 size range of objects that are important 738 00:37:34,690 --> 00:37:31,730 in the solar system and they come in all 739 00:37:38,830 --> 00:37:34,700 sizes but best is incredibly important 740 00:37:42,520 --> 00:37:38,840 Don just left this object this second 741 00:37:45,970 --> 00:37:42,530 largest asteroid on its way now to Ceres 742 00:37:48,190 --> 00:37:45,980 the largest object in the in the 743 00:37:52,180 --> 00:37:48,200 asteroid belt which is about twice the 744 00:37:55,090 --> 00:37:52,190 diameter of a beste from the mineralogy 745 00:37:57,550 --> 00:37:55,100 and as they look at the surface they can 746 00:38:01,510 --> 00:37:57,560 tell some of them bombardments have also 747 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:01,520 brought perhaps hydrated materials onto 748 00:38:08,140 --> 00:38:05,330 the surface we now know from orbiting 749 00:38:10,660 --> 00:38:08,150 Vesta for nearly a year much more about 750 00:38:14,110 --> 00:38:10,670 its internal structure we believe it has 751 00:38:18,190 --> 00:38:14,120 an iron core that iron core may be more 752 00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:18,200 than two-thirds the size or perhaps a 753 00:38:24,160 --> 00:38:21,980 half to a little larger in size inside 754 00:38:27,580 --> 00:38:24,170 the body so that means this particular 755 00:38:30,130 --> 00:38:27,590 body is differentiated the higher mass 756 00:38:33,310 --> 00:38:30,140 materials moved into the center of the 757 00:38:36,310 --> 00:38:33,320 of the body and we will now look at this 758 00:38:39,010 --> 00:38:36,320 object a little differently as more as a 759 00:38:41,650 --> 00:38:39,020 building block of a planet as a 760 00:38:44,590 --> 00:38:41,660 planetesimals one of the first things 761 00:38:47,980 --> 00:38:44,600 needed before a planet can be accreted 762 00:38:50,110 --> 00:38:47,990 and it's incomplete and in fact as we 763 00:38:52,330 --> 00:38:50,120 look at the asteroid belt the asteroid 764 00:38:54,990 --> 00:38:52,340 belt is not necessarily made up of 765 00:38:57,970 --> 00:38:55,000 material that just is blasted apart 766 00:38:59,680 --> 00:38:57,980 moons there are objects that are planets 767 00:39:02,680 --> 00:38:59,690 that were there in the past but in 768 00:39:05,410 --> 00:39:02,690 reality it's a set of material that is 769 00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:05,420 trying to become a planet but Jupiter is 770 00:39:11,140 --> 00:39:08,240 not letting it happen Jupiter's gravity 771 00:39:13,210 --> 00:39:11,150 is keeping it apart but so when we go to 772 00:39:15,220 --> 00:39:13,220 when we go to the asteroid belt we're 773 00:39:17,980 --> 00:39:15,230 actually going back in time and seeing 774 00:39:19,660 --> 00:39:17,990 some of the early processes the earth 775 00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:19,670 must have started out in this particular 776 00:39:28,420 --> 00:39:25,490 way and evolved so let me end in the 777 00:39:29,799 --> 00:39:28,430 time I have and and now show the total 778 00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:29,809 the total view 779 00:39:36,219 --> 00:39:32,930 future planetary missions what we've 780 00:39:38,259 --> 00:39:36,229 done flyby orbit land rova cross our 781 00:39:41,829 --> 00:39:38,269 solar system we'd love to do that to 782 00:39:45,069 --> 00:39:41,839 every object we cannot we have to be 783 00:39:47,799 --> 00:39:45,079 quite selective but but what has come 784 00:39:52,089 --> 00:39:47,809 before informs us as to what we will do 785 00:39:54,489 --> 00:39:52,099 next as we go from a flyby to sample 786 00:39:56,769 --> 00:39:54,499 return the cost of these missions go up 787 00:39:59,109 --> 00:39:56,779 and in many regions of the solar system 788 00:40:01,779 --> 00:39:59,119 where we have to depend on sample return 789 00:40:04,870 --> 00:40:01,789 those are the highest costs but they are 790 00:40:08,589 --> 00:40:04,880 the highest science return so in summary 791 00:40:12,099 --> 00:40:08,599 this field is matured greatly in 50 792 00:40:14,739 --> 00:40:12,109 years it has actually been created by 793 00:40:16,239 --> 00:40:14,749 NASA because we can bring this data back 794 00:40:18,249 --> 00:40:16,249 to the earth and we can bring these 795 00:40:22,479 --> 00:40:18,259 samples back and really see what's 796 00:40:24,729 --> 00:40:22,489 happening and in fact what we believe 797 00:40:26,769 --> 00:40:24,739 will happen over the next year is those 798 00:40:30,729 --> 00:40:26,779 important missions will be in the green 799 00:40:32,319 --> 00:40:30,739 areas that's will be the next big steps 800 00:40:34,140 --> 00:40:32,329 that the scientists will want to do 801 00:40:36,539 --> 00:40:34,150 we're also seeing a lot of 802 00:40:38,349 --> 00:40:36,549 interdisciplinary activity 803 00:40:40,719 --> 00:40:38,359 astrophysicists want to know from 804 00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:40,729 planetary scientists now as they find 805 00:40:45,509 --> 00:40:43,130 exoplanets what should they be looking 806 00:40:48,759 --> 00:40:45,519 for what are the atmospheres like and 807 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:48,769 why are you join 'it's like jupiter in 808 00:40:53,979 --> 00:40:51,890 orbits that are interior to what mercury 809 00:40:57,459 --> 00:40:53,989 is there's no Jupiter like that there 810 00:41:01,150 --> 00:40:57,469 but this tells us how planets evolved in 811 00:41:05,469 --> 00:41:01,160 a solar system how planets migrate and 812 00:41:07,479 --> 00:41:05,479 move they are not static and that must 813 00:41:09,969 --> 00:41:07,489 have happened in ours and that's also 814 00:41:11,890 --> 00:41:09,979 providing a new perspective on how our 815 00:41:15,759 --> 00:41:11,900 origin and evolution of the solar system 816 00:41:18,459 --> 00:41:15,769 came about and finally also we're 817 00:41:20,499 --> 00:41:18,469 working with our science as we look at 818 00:41:23,319 --> 00:41:20,509 Venus and as we look at Mars it also 819 00:41:25,209 --> 00:41:23,329 informs us about climate change and 820 00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:25,219 other phenomena that are similar in 821 00:41:34,199 --> 00:41:28,900 those planets those terrestrial planets 822 00:41:44,120 --> 00:41:34,209 and so let me conclude with that and 823 00:41:52,410 --> 00:41:49,770 Annie Jim that was great talk I'm 824 00:41:53,880 --> 00:41:52,420 wondering you know in light of the 825 00:41:58,620 --> 00:41:53,890 comments that were made in the last 826 00:42:01,500 --> 00:41:58,630 panel where people were saying that we 827 00:42:03,570 --> 00:42:01,510 should expect more crises in the future 828 00:42:07,380 --> 00:42:03,580 that will make it very hard to plan 829 00:42:10,380 --> 00:42:07,390 strategically all of that sure from your 830 00:42:12,770 --> 00:42:10,390 perspective is somebody who's really on 831 00:42:16,650 --> 00:42:12,780 the front lines of the current crisis 832 00:42:19,770 --> 00:42:16,660 and fighting the good fight and trying 833 00:42:23,010 --> 00:42:19,780 to implement the decayed ille against 834 00:42:26,340 --> 00:42:23,020 these budgetary obstacles do you think 835 00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:26,350 we're at a point where the planetary 836 00:42:31,790 --> 00:42:27,690 program is in need of another 837 00:42:35,130 --> 00:42:31,800 reinvention or do we just need to be 838 00:42:38,430 --> 00:42:35,140 telling the story to the public more 839 00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:38,440 compellingly or both or what ok that's a 840 00:42:42,990 --> 00:42:40,690 good question up I'll tell you my 841 00:42:45,060 --> 00:42:43,000 opinion you know and it may not be the 842 00:42:46,980 --> 00:42:45,070 right right way to go but I believe we 843 00:42:49,170 --> 00:42:46,990 have a fundamental foundation to move 844 00:42:52,260 --> 00:42:49,180 forward worth with and that's the vision 845 00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:52,270 in Boise staccato it just started this 846 00:42:59,099 --> 00:42:55,810 month we've got 10 years to step up to 847 00:43:01,800 --> 00:42:59,109 the plate and live that we have also 10 848 00:43:04,380 --> 00:43:01,810 years of budget cycles now even though 849 00:43:07,109 --> 00:43:04,390 we cannot start missions that don't have 850 00:43:09,450 --> 00:43:07,119 a projected budget whether the president 851 00:43:11,310 --> 00:43:09,460 provides it to Congress or congress 852 00:43:13,050 --> 00:43:11,320 insists on it but the president still 853 00:43:15,540 --> 00:43:13,060 has to provide it in his projection 854 00:43:18,390 --> 00:43:15,550 we've got time to work things out you 855 00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:18,400 know I always said success breeds 856 00:43:25,740 --> 00:43:21,490 success but but that actually is rather 857 00:43:29,910 --> 00:43:25,750 naive it really is very naive and it 858 00:43:33,930 --> 00:43:29,920 requires a the community to get more 859 00:43:36,060 --> 00:43:33,940 involved and telling the people that pay 860 00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:36,070 the taxes that allow us to do these 861 00:43:41,160 --> 00:43:38,530 fabulous things the return on their 862 00:43:44,430 --> 00:43:41,170 investment in planetary science its 863 00:43:47,490 --> 00:43:44,440 enormous in many different ways all the 864 00:43:51,450 --> 00:43:47,500 way from inspirational to perhaps a 865 00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:51,460 necessity and runs the gamut and it 866 00:43:56,410 --> 00:43:53,570 inspires kids 867 00:43:58,720 --> 00:43:56,420 it allows them to consider more 868 00:44:00,790 --> 00:43:58,730 technical careers as we've heard that's 869 00:44:02,140 --> 00:44:00,800 you know you can talk to anybody in the 870 00:44:04,300 --> 00:44:02,150 field how they got where they are 871 00:44:06,820 --> 00:44:04,310 there's some inspirational factor that 872 00:44:10,450 --> 00:44:06,830 does that we all have our stories in 873 00:44:12,340 --> 00:44:10,460 that l and in that way and and we need 874 00:44:15,610 --> 00:44:12,350 to keep that going we really need to 875 00:44:19,060 --> 00:44:15,620 keep that going but the start is in our 876 00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:19,070 chart the green one where each and every 877 00:44:24,010 --> 00:44:21,050 one of those elements the fabulous stuff 878 00:44:26,830 --> 00:44:24,020 we do all successful we have a great 879 00:44:29,620 --> 00:44:26,840 track record now several those missions 880 00:44:33,730 --> 00:44:29,630 that we've built like juno came on time 881 00:44:39,130 --> 00:44:33,740 and under cost Grail on time and under 882 00:44:41,710 --> 00:44:39,140 cost' MSL Curiosity rover we missed we 883 00:44:43,810 --> 00:44:41,720 missed a launch window you know a 884 00:44:46,090 --> 00:44:43,820 planetary window was a blessing and a 885 00:44:48,160 --> 00:44:46,100 curse so blessing because we got to get 886 00:44:50,680 --> 00:44:48,170 it done and get it off this planet it's 887 00:44:54,460 --> 00:44:50,690 a curse if we miss it it's going to cost 888 00:44:56,320 --> 00:44:54,470 more and so yeah it over ran and we had 889 00:44:58,750 --> 00:44:56,330 people even if we solved all the 890 00:45:01,090 --> 00:44:58,760 technical problems one month after the 891 00:45:03,280 --> 00:45:01,100 launch window expired we'd still have to 892 00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:03,290 be paying for because they are needed to 893 00:45:10,920 --> 00:45:06,050 get the thing down to the surface so it 894 00:45:13,710 --> 00:45:10,930 is a tough field to do you know I often 895 00:45:16,690 --> 00:45:13,720 even when I talk to congressional 896 00:45:20,250 --> 00:45:16,700 staffers try to give them a little feel 897 00:45:22,540 --> 00:45:20,260 on how tough it is and one day I said 898 00:45:24,730 --> 00:45:22,550 you know what I don't understand is how 899 00:45:26,320 --> 00:45:24,740 come you can have somebody come in and 900 00:45:28,660 --> 00:45:26,330 build your kitchen and not stay on 901 00:45:31,630 --> 00:45:28,670 budget how many kitchens have we built 902 00:45:32,860 --> 00:45:31,640 in this country and and and of course 903 00:45:34,240 --> 00:45:32,870 one of the staffers said how did you 904 00:45:38,320 --> 00:45:34,250 know I was building a kitchen and it's 905 00:45:40,630 --> 00:45:38,330 over so this is a really tough business 906 00:45:43,420 --> 00:45:40,640 but I believe now we have management 907 00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:43,430 techniques and employed and a whole 908 00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:46,910 variety of tools and and the oversight 909 00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:50,810 that we need to give us now confidence 910 00:45:55,570 --> 00:45:52,970 that we can we can tell the American 911 00:45:59,620 --> 00:45:55,580 public that these missions are going to 912 00:46:05,280 --> 00:45:59,630 stay in cost and on schedule and be more 913 00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:05,290 truthful than we ever have before Wes 914 00:46:11,380 --> 00:46:09,410 okay Andy was the hard ball pitcher I'm 915 00:46:14,020 --> 00:46:11,390 gonna beat a softball pitcher for you ok 916 00:46:16,030 --> 00:46:14,030 ok you know planetary exploration has 917 00:46:19,180 --> 00:46:16,040 been steep since its beginning in this 918 00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:19,190 in this progression Ulm antra you know 919 00:46:25,570 --> 00:46:23,210 fly by then orbit right and land and in 920 00:46:28,780 --> 00:46:25,580 the last couple of decades we've added 921 00:46:30,660 --> 00:46:28,790 you know Rove and sample return but 922 00:46:34,240 --> 00:46:30,670 given what we've learned about Mars 923 00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:34,250 places like Europa and instance and sell 924 00:46:41,650 --> 00:46:36,410 this what do you think about adding 925 00:46:43,690 --> 00:46:41,660 another one drill that's easy to get the 926 00:46:46,090 --> 00:46:43,700 samples we want we got to get under the 927 00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:46,100 surface you know that we we know the 928 00:46:50,860 --> 00:46:48,890 aquifers are there on Mars where there's 929 00:46:52,510 --> 00:46:50,870 water on this earth you can't go 930 00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:52,520 anywhere and find a thimble full of 931 00:46:56,500 --> 00:46:54,650 water and not find life in it that's 932 00:46:58,630 --> 00:46:56,510 where you got to go we got to get under 933 00:47:02,710 --> 00:46:58,640 the surface and we know that now and 934 00:47:05,770 --> 00:47:02,720 it's true at Europa too so so drill is 935 00:47:08,740 --> 00:47:05,780 an element of one of the tools that we 936 00:47:10,660 --> 00:47:08,750 need to bring with us you bet yes sir 937 00:47:12,460 --> 00:47:10,670 okay let me go over to Harry and it will 938 00:47:15,730 --> 00:47:12,470 get back Harry lambright Maxwell school 939 00:47:17,860 --> 00:47:15,740 Syracuse University back in the 1980s 940 00:47:20,950 --> 00:47:17,870 during this drought of planetary 941 00:47:24,010 --> 00:47:20,960 programs and a time when there were 942 00:47:29,110 --> 00:47:24,020 questions in the White House of phasing 943 00:47:31,120 --> 00:47:29,120 out JPL one of the ways JPL survived was 944 00:47:34,630 --> 00:47:31,130 through a fairly significant work for 945 00:47:38,070 --> 00:47:34,640 others program in other words a large 946 00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:38,080 part of the workforce which could not 947 00:47:42,760 --> 00:47:40,910 anymore or be supported by NASA was 948 00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:42,770 supported by the Defense Department and 949 00:47:49,240 --> 00:47:47,210 other agencies in looking ahead as you 950 00:47:52,480 --> 00:47:49,250 look to preserving your assets 951 00:47:54,450 --> 00:47:52,490 particularly JPL against and keeping 952 00:47:58,660 --> 00:47:54,460 some of these geniuses that work there 953 00:48:02,170 --> 00:47:58,670 how do you are you considering the work 954 00:48:04,180 --> 00:48:02,180 for others program again I think the 955 00:48:07,090 --> 00:48:04,190 heart of you're the aunt to my answer to 956 00:48:10,930 --> 00:48:07,100 your question is balance every Center 957 00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:10,940 including our contractor facilities need 958 00:48:17,140 --> 00:48:13,610 to be looking at how they can diversify 959 00:48:19,150 --> 00:48:17,150 and that they can balance the workload 960 00:48:22,180 --> 00:48:19,160 and and that's very diff 961 00:48:25,720 --> 00:48:22,190 hope to do in tough times and so 962 00:48:28,420 --> 00:48:25,730 consequently you know organizations that 963 00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:28,430 survivor those that in that that have 964 00:48:34,420 --> 00:48:30,830 work in different areas that are related 965 00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:34,430 where skills can be utilized across the 966 00:48:39,250 --> 00:48:36,890 board in many different ways and and 967 00:48:40,840 --> 00:48:39,260 sometimes it increases and sometimes it 968 00:48:44,050 --> 00:48:40,850 decreases because of the political 969 00:48:46,030 --> 00:48:44,060 environment we are in and i believe JPL 970 00:48:49,710 --> 00:48:46,040 is working hard to be continue that 971 00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:49,720 process of diversification and right now 972 00:48:55,570 --> 00:48:52,850 i'm also working hard to provide funding 973 00:48:58,270 --> 00:48:55,580 that will neighbor our whole science 974 00:49:01,360 --> 00:48:58,280 community to be able to get back to the 975 00:49:06,010 --> 00:49:01,370 business of planetary science as as 976 00:49:07,810 --> 00:49:06,020 delineated in the decade oh thanks yeah 977 00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:07,820 one more question yeah you show the 978 00:49:12,640 --> 00:49:10,010 beautiful picture of it ikawa the 979 00:49:15,010 --> 00:49:12,650 Hayabusa mission what samples back to 980 00:49:17,430 --> 00:49:15,020 earth is dead in Australia was there 981 00:49:19,720 --> 00:49:17,440 anything significant found from that 982 00:49:21,460 --> 00:49:19,730 mission and have one of the question 983 00:49:24,490 --> 00:49:21,470 quickly will it ever be a conflict 984 00:49:27,730 --> 00:49:24,500 between NASA and Planetary an asteroidal 985 00:49:29,980 --> 00:49:27,740 exploration and the mining group that 986 00:49:34,180 --> 00:49:29,990 want to go out and mine asteroids okay 987 00:49:39,790 --> 00:49:34,190 so let me take the sample brought back 988 00:49:41,860 --> 00:49:39,800 from Hayabusa with a bit ikawa we had an 989 00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:41,870 arrangement with the japanese to be able 990 00:49:45,280 --> 00:49:43,490 to share about ten percent of those 991 00:49:47,260 --> 00:49:45,290 samples and those samples have come back 992 00:49:49,210 --> 00:49:47,270 and there are many of those now are in 993 00:49:51,850 --> 00:49:49,220 our own archiving and we've gone through 994 00:49:54,070 --> 00:49:51,860 the process of having them sent out to 995 00:49:56,350 --> 00:49:54,080 many people in the community right now 996 00:49:58,390 --> 00:49:56,360 one of the top things that have coming 997 00:50:01,630 --> 00:49:58,400 out of that is an understanding of what 998 00:50:04,330 --> 00:50:01,640 we would call space weathering all right 999 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:04,340 these bodies exist in the solar system 1000 00:50:11,560 --> 00:50:07,810 are bathed in the solar wind for 1001 00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:11,570 billions of years and so the solar wind 1002 00:50:18,130 --> 00:50:15,290 it impacts gets embedded in the material 1003 00:50:20,920 --> 00:50:18,140 and so when we take a spectrum of it the 1004 00:50:23,080 --> 00:50:20,930 spectrum doesn't give us what really the 1005 00:50:25,210 --> 00:50:23,090 material is all about because of the 1006 00:50:27,310 --> 00:50:25,220 space weather and we get different we 1007 00:50:30,340 --> 00:50:27,320 get different spectral features then 1008 00:50:32,440 --> 00:50:30,350 then then we know how to interpret so 1009 00:50:35,440 --> 00:50:32,450 with the samples now in hand we now 1010 00:50:37,780 --> 00:50:35,450 can separate space weather effects from 1011 00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:37,790 actual mineralogy which is what we want 1012 00:50:41,710 --> 00:50:39,770 to get out now we've seen that most 1013 00:50:44,050 --> 00:50:41,720 recently with another rubble pile that 1014 00:50:46,720 --> 00:50:44,060 actually passed by the earth and it 1015 00:50:48,880 --> 00:50:46,730 passed close enough that the gravitation 1016 00:50:52,510 --> 00:50:48,890 of the earth rearranged it and the 1017 00:50:55,089 --> 00:50:52,520 spectrum before it encountered closest 1018 00:50:57,400 --> 00:50:55,099 approach and the spectrum after were 1019 00:51:00,339 --> 00:50:57,410 night and day and it's because the 1020 00:51:02,620 --> 00:51:00,349 pristine material got sifted to the top 1021 00:51:04,510 --> 00:51:02,630 and we were able to look at it that's 1022 00:51:06,609 --> 00:51:04,520 also another excellent example of how 1023 00:51:08,109 --> 00:51:06,619 we're now looking at the environment in 1024 00:51:10,810 --> 00:51:08,119 the space weathering and what it does to 1025 00:51:14,670 --> 00:51:10,820 those bodies thank you remember my other 1026 00:51:19,150 --> 00:51:14,680 question between Planetary astronomers 1027 00:51:22,030 --> 00:51:19,160 and the possible mining yeah oh yeah the 1028 00:51:26,890 --> 00:51:22,040 mining group yeah yeah now that we know 1029 00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:26,900 much more about material in space that's 1030 00:51:34,210 --> 00:51:30,410 a resource whether whether there are 1031 00:51:37,290 --> 00:51:34,220 commercial companies or their material 1032 00:51:39,550 --> 00:51:37,300 is needed to support human exploration 1033 00:51:42,339 --> 00:51:39,560 both those groups will need to know 1034 00:51:45,069 --> 00:51:42,349 what's out there we're at an infancy 1035 00:51:47,530 --> 00:51:45,079 really in understanding we got a lot to 1036 00:51:49,930 --> 00:51:47,540 do before we can say this is a place you 1037 00:51:52,270 --> 00:51:49,940 need to go to mine this tungsten or 1038 00:51:54,370 --> 00:51:52,280 whatever it happens to be that they 1039 00:51:56,230 --> 00:51:54,380 might be looking for I see no conflict 1040 00:52:00,160 --> 00:51:56,240 certainly ought not over the next ten 1041 00:52:01,930 --> 00:52:00,170 years thank you you're very welcome all 1042 00:52:07,809 --> 00:52:01,940 right I think that's the the end of the 1043 00:52:09,910 --> 00:52:07,819 question period however however what's 1044 00:52:14,349 --> 00:52:09,920 really critical that from my perspective 1045 00:52:16,210 --> 00:52:14,359 is that I've told you from a science 1046 00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:16,220 perspective what's going on and in many 1047 00:52:20,319 --> 00:52:18,410 ways we're really down in the weeds 1048 00:52:22,240 --> 00:52:20,329 we're really looking at what what we're 1049 00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:22,250 doing and how we're doing it and we're 1050 00:52:27,550 --> 00:52:24,310 her it's hard for us to tell the story 1051 00:52:32,380 --> 00:52:27,560 it's really the historians it's really 1052 00:52:34,510 --> 00:52:32,390 you that have a job to do also to write 1053 00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:34,520 about how these programs are connected 1054 00:52:39,099 --> 00:52:36,170 the things that we're finding out and 1055 00:52:43,059 --> 00:52:39,109 help relay that to the general 1056 00:52:44,680 --> 00:52:43,069 population and and and the public and 1057 00:52:46,210 --> 00:52:44,690 and and that's one of the reasons why 1058 00:52:49,060 --> 00:52:46,220 I'm really excited about 1059 00:52:50,620 --> 00:52:49,070 this particular anniversary bringing us 1060 00:52:56,500 --> 00:52:50,630 together to be able to talk about these 1061 00:52:59,950 --> 00:52:56,510 things now with that let me ask Steven 1062 00:53:02,140 --> 00:52:59,960 Williams to provide me the set of 1063 00:53:05,410 --> 00:53:02,150 information that I desperately want to 1064 00:53:08,740 --> 00:53:05,420 do next all right a planetary science 1065 00:53:11,470 --> 00:53:08,750 division at NASA headquarters from time 1066 00:53:13,660 --> 00:53:11,480 to time takes the opportunity to really 1067 00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:13,670 recognize major achievements that have 1068 00:53:18,070 --> 00:53:15,650 occurred in in the field of planetary 1069 00:53:20,620 --> 00:53:18,080 science and I'm delighted to be able to 1070 00:53:22,180 --> 00:53:20,630 do that today with many people that are 1071 00:53:25,089 --> 00:53:22,190 sitting in this audience that have 1072 00:53:28,870 --> 00:53:25,099 really made a difference and in fact of 1073 00:53:30,640 --> 00:53:28,880 the the inscription says in recognition 1074 00:53:33,010 --> 00:53:30,650 and appreciation of your leadership 1075 00:53:37,240 --> 00:53:33,020 towards solar system exploration and 1076 00:53:45,070 --> 00:53:37,250 discovery you have made a difference and 1077 00:53:55,190 --> 00:53:45,080 the first awardee is Joe Alexander I saw 1078 00:53:59,700 --> 00:53:57,630 well as a scientist you've been working 1079 00:54:02,460 --> 00:53:59,710 hard over the years a lot of things 1080 00:54:04,860 --> 00:54:02,470 happen heading the group of Goddard and 1081 00:54:06,930 --> 00:54:04,870 doing so well that it's very much 1082 00:54:08,460 --> 00:54:06,940 appreciated and indeed have made a 1083 00:54:16,650 --> 00:54:08,470 difference Thank You Thanksgiving you've 1084 00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:16,660 done the next individual I'd like to 1085 00:54:22,380 --> 00:54:19,770 honor and it's also my great pleasure 1086 00:54:28,970 --> 00:54:22,390 knowing this individual actually for 1087 00:54:40,010 --> 00:54:36,420 Jim oh you was here all right all right 1088 00:54:42,330 --> 00:54:40,020 well you'll learn much more about Jim is 1089 00:54:45,540 --> 00:54:42,340 he's one of the panelists I believe 1090 00:54:48,030 --> 00:54:45,550 tomorrow afternoon but indeed Jim Jim 1091 00:54:50,510 --> 00:54:48,040 not only has been involved in in 1092 00:54:53,040 --> 00:54:50,520 planetary missions early on his 1093 00:54:57,920 --> 00:54:53,050 dedication to educating the next 1094 00:55:00,750 --> 00:54:57,930 generation is absolutely unbelievable 1095 00:55:03,750 --> 00:55:00,760 and and needs to be recognized for all 1096 00:55:07,950 --> 00:55:03,760 he's done for that so Jim I know your 1097 00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:07,960 ears are burning the next individual is 1098 00:55:26,349 --> 00:55:22,930 and as I mentioned early earlier the 1099 00:55:29,769 --> 00:55:26,359 history of the solar system and how it's 1100 00:55:35,229 --> 00:55:29,779 and how we learn and understand what 1101 00:55:37,539 --> 00:55:35,239 we're doing very important you've made 1102 00:55:39,759 --> 00:55:37,549 it made a major difference with many of 1103 00:55:47,349 --> 00:55:39,769 the writings that you getting like you 1104 00:55:49,029 --> 00:55:47,359 very much okay my pleasure you know some 1105 00:55:51,549 --> 00:55:49,039 of the fantastic things that we do in 1106 00:55:54,430 --> 00:55:51,559 planetary science is start out with a 1107 00:55:56,440 --> 00:55:54,440 particular mission and figure out under 1108 00:55:59,410 --> 00:55:56,450 on their tough budget constraints what 1109 00:56:01,390 --> 00:55:59,420 else we can do with it and the master of 1110 00:56:06,700 --> 00:56:01,400 being able to do that is the next 1111 00:56:14,979 --> 00:56:06,710 awardee and that's Bob Farquhar Bob's 1112 00:56:18,880 --> 00:56:14,989 areas my first interaction with bob was 1113 00:56:23,739 --> 00:56:18,890 when he was involved in moving the ic3 1114 00:56:27,609 --> 00:56:23,749 mission from a up front in the solar 1115 00:56:30,309 --> 00:56:27,619 wind to fly by comet jacobi knees okay 1116 00:56:32,079 --> 00:56:30,319 we'll do it this way bob bob has to do 1117 00:56:36,969 --> 00:56:32,089 it his own way you know I said and that 1118 00:56:39,279 --> 00:56:36,979 hasn't changed and Bobby's I like to be 1119 00:56:41,160 --> 00:56:39,289 known as NASA's number one troublemaker 1120 00:56:49,680 --> 00:56:41,170 yes 1121 00:56:59,220 --> 00:56:53,260 I'll check for the stick the next one 1122 00:57:03,730 --> 00:56:59,230 I'd like to recognize is scott hubbard 1123 00:57:07,210 --> 00:57:03,740 shocked him yes right Scott Scott is an 1124 00:57:11,620 --> 00:57:07,220 individual many talents and one of those 1125 00:57:14,080 --> 00:57:11,630 talents that he's going to talk about is 1126 00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:14,090 indeed the ability to help put back a 1127 00:57:19,630 --> 00:57:16,610 program sell that program make it happen 1128 00:57:21,760 --> 00:57:19,640 and it's just reaped enormous benefits 1129 00:57:30,690 --> 00:57:21,770 for us and the community and this nation 1130 00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:37,480 pleasure Jim high jumper great damn I 1131 00:57:49,720 --> 00:57:47,510 just gave me an award here we go watch 1132 00:57:53,230 --> 00:57:49,730 out for the wonderful movie where the 1133 00:57:58,510 --> 00:57:53,240 guy was in the crapper when they were 1134 00:58:02,770 --> 00:57:58,520 trying all right okay Jim thanks so much 1135 00:58:05,460 --> 00:58:02,780 all your working in NASA and also 1136 00:58:19,930 --> 00:58:05,470 educating that next generation yeah 1137 00:58:27,830 --> 00:58:23,780 the next individual is also someone I've 1138 00:58:30,170 --> 00:58:27,840 known for many many years who's near and 1139 00:58:33,130 --> 00:58:30,180 dear to my heart has made a major 1140 00:58:52,990 --> 00:58:33,140 contribution of the field in many ways 1141 00:59:01,170 --> 00:58:56,740 it just got a few more here one 1142 00:59:04,870 --> 00:59:01,180 scientist that I believe as has really 1143 00:59:06,610 --> 00:59:04,880 epitomized the best in many different 1144 00:59:08,920 --> 00:59:06,620 ways in terms of being a solid 1145 00:59:11,470 --> 00:59:08,930 scientists working hard to relate that 1146 00:59:14,020 --> 00:59:11,480 science and talking about it in a way 1147 00:59:16,450 --> 00:59:14,030 that many can understand it not not in 1148 00:59:38,210 --> 00:59:16,460 not directly in their field and that's 1149 00:59:46,760 --> 00:59:40,849 up the next individual is really quite 1150 00:59:48,620 --> 00:59:46,770 unique his of his ability to his driving 1151 00:59:52,910 --> 00:59:48,630 ability to be part of a science 1152 00:59:56,150 --> 00:59:52,920 community and and exemplify the best in 1153 01:00:00,710 --> 00:59:56,160 as a scientist as a program manager and 1154 01:00:18,349 --> 01:00:00,720 as an educator and do it in Russia and 1155 01:00:23,850 --> 01:00:18,359 that's Mikhail more off Mikhail thank 1156 01:00:30,280 --> 01:00:28,240 one of the things that is difficult to 1157 01:00:34,180 --> 01:00:30,290 explain to people apparently is how 1158 01:00:35,890 --> 01:00:34,190 expensive our space systems are and in 1159 01:00:38,770 --> 01:00:35,900 this particular way you know we have to 1160 01:00:40,690 --> 01:00:38,780 take our power with us we have to go to 1161 01:00:43,060 --> 01:00:40,700 the far reaches of the solar system and 1162 01:00:45,040 --> 01:00:43,070 take plutonium and that's not cheap and 1163 01:00:47,590 --> 01:00:45,050 the systems that we have to develop that 1164 01:00:52,150 --> 01:00:47,600 manage that that that type of resource 1165 01:00:55,030 --> 01:00:52,160 is also very expensive and it's a it's a 1166 01:00:59,110 --> 01:00:55,040 delight to give Ralph mcnutt the next 1167 01:01:02,680 --> 01:00:59,120 award for how he has worked hard to tell 1168 01:01:04,150 --> 01:01:02,690 the story of radioisotopes our systems 1169 01:01:31,240 --> 01:01:04,160 in addition to being an outstanding 1170 01:01:38,720 --> 01:01:34,610 the last recipient really needs no 1171 01:01:40,790 --> 01:01:38,730 introduction this individual has been 1172 01:01:44,810 --> 01:01:40,800 what I would call founding father of 1173 01:01:47,960 --> 01:01:44,820 planetary science and has managed a 1174 01:01:51,790 --> 01:01:47,970 major center JPL has managed to major 1175 01:01:55,130 --> 01:01:51,800 spacecraft and many others in a way that 1176 01:01:58,130 --> 01:01:55,140 has really a stirred interest and 1177 01:02:00,260 --> 01:01:58,140 excitement and my first foray into 1178 01:02:02,990 --> 01:02:00,270 planetary science was writing papers 1179 01:02:05,840 --> 01:02:03,000 about Jupiter's dekha metric and killa 1180 01:02:26,580 --> 01:02:05,850 metric radiation from the voyagers this 1181 01:02:33,300 --> 01:02:29,770 ok we have a request for a real quick 1182 01:02:37,030 --> 01:02:33,310 group picture and we have time for that 1183 01:02:38,380 --> 01:02:37,040 we're over alright okay if we could 1184 01:02:40,120 --> 01:02:38,390 bring everybody up for a real quick 1185 01:02:45,550 --> 01:02:40,130 group picture that would be super and 1186 01:02:49,660 --> 01:02:45,560 then we'll get off the stage yeah